Cross-sectional analysis of trace element status in thyroid disease |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, D-13353, Germany;2. Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Food Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, D-14558, Germany;3. Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, D-23562, Germany;4. DFG-Research Group #2558 TraceAGE, Potsdam, Berlin, Jena, Germany;1. University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia;2. Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia;3. Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut”, Belgrade, Serbia;4. Blood Transfusion Institute, Belgrade, Serbia;1. Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany;2. Department of Neonatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany;1. Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus;2. Endocrinology Department, Archbishop Makarios III Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus;3. Radiology Department, Archbishop Makarios III Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus;4. Medical Oncology Department, Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;5. Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;6. Nuclear Medicine Department, Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;1. Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Biology and Organisms Physiology laboratory, Biological Sciences Faculty, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16123, Algiers, Algeria;2. Endocrinology exploration unit, Endocrinology department, Ibnou Ziri Bologhine University Hospital Center, Bainem, 16090, Algiers, Algeria;3. National Toxicology Center, Bab El Oued University Hospital Center, 16009, Algiers, Algeria;1. Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThe synthesis of thyroid hormone depends on a set of trace elements, most importantly selenium and iodine. The dietary supply with certain micronutrients is limited in many areas of the world, including central Europe and large parts of Asia and Africa. Moreover, both thyroid disease risk and therapy effects are modulated by trace element supply and status.ObjectiveAssessment of trace element status in thyroid patients in a European metropolis.Material and MethodsAdult patients visiting a medical praxis in Berlin, Germany, were enrolled into a cross-sectional analysis, and serum samples were obtained from thyroid patients (n = 323) with different conditions including goitre, hypothyroidism, malignancy or autoimmune thyroid disease. Trace elements (iodine, selenium, copper and zinc) were assessed by ICP-MS/MS or total reflection X-ray analysis, along with two protein biomarkers of selenium status (selenoprotein P, glutathione peroxidase), and compared to the clinical phenotype.ResultsThe patients displayed relatively low serum zinc and selenium concentrations as compared to a set (n = 200) of healthy subjects (zinc; 1025+/-233 vs. 1068+/−230 μg/L, p < 0.01, selenium; 76.9+/18.8 vs. 85.1+/−17.4 μg/L, p < 0.0001). A high fraction of patients (37.5%) was classified as selenium-deficient (serum selenium concentrations <70 μg/L), in particular the patients with thyroid malignancy (59%). Serum copper was not different between the groups, and total serum iodine concentrations were unrelated to thyroid disease. Explorative statistical analyses yielded no significant interactions between the trace elements and disease parameters, except for free thyroxine inversely correlating to the copper/selenium ratio.ConclusionsIn adult thyroid patients, there is no relation of circulating copper, iodine, selenium or zinc concentrations to thyroid hormone. However, a large fraction of German thyroid patients displays a considerable selenium deficit, known to constitute a disease risk potentially impairing convalescence and aggravating autoimmune disease processes. It appears advisable to testing thyroid patients for selenium deficiency, and once diagnosed, an increased supply via dietary counselling or active supplementation should be considered. |
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| Keywords: | Copper Iodine Selenium Zinc Thyroiditis |
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