Walking slope and heavy backpack loads affect torso muscle activity and kinematics |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, United States;2. Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, United States;3. Military and Veterans Health Solutions, Leidos, Inc, United States;4. Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, United States;1. School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA;1. Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada;2. School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;1. Center for General Education, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 470-0392, Japan;2. Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 470-0393, Japan;3. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro?ka cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;1. Department of Sports Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;2. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;3. Center for Psychological Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;4. Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera, Milan, Italy;1. Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland;2. Sjukrapjalfun Reykjavikur Physical Therapy Clinic, Reykjavik, Iceland;3. Gaski Physical Therapy Clinic, Reykjavik, Iceland;4. Research Centre of Movement Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland;5. Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;1. University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sports Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia;2. Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia;3. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia;4. Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic;5. Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea – ECM, Maribor, Slovenia |
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| Abstract: | The independent effects of sloped walking or carrying a heavy backpack on posture and torso muscle activations have been reported. While the combined effects of sloped walking and backpack loads are known to be physically demanding, how back and abdominal muscles adapt to walking on slopes with heavy load is unclear. This study quantified three-dimensional pelvis and torso kinematics and muscle activity from longissimus, iliocostalis, rectus abdominis, and external oblique during walking on 0° and ± 10° degree slopes with and without backpack loads using two different backpack configurations (hip-belt assisted and shoulder-borne). Iliocostalis activity was greater during downhill and uphill compared to level walking, but longissimus was only greater during uphill. Rectus abdominis activity was greater during downhill and uphill compared to level, while external oblique activity decreased as slopes progressed from down to up. Longissimus, but not iliocostalis, activity was reduced during both backpack configurations compared to walking with no pack. Hip-belt assisted load carriage required less rectus abdominis activity compared to using shoulder-borne only backpacks; however, external oblique was not influenced by backpack condition. Our results revealed different responses between iliocostalis and longissimus, and between rectus abdominis and external obliques, suggesting different motor control strategies between anatomical planes. |
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| Keywords: | Load carriage Sloped walking Torso Electromyography Biomechanics |
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