Evolution of surface electromyography: From muscle electrophysiology towards neural recording and interfacing |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom;2. Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, United States;1. La Trobe University, School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, Australia;2. University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Australia;3. La Trobe Sports and Exercise Medicine Research Center, La Trobe University;1. Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile;2. Department of Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain;3. Department of Physical Therapy, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile;4. Traumatology Unit, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile;5. Traumatology Unit, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile;6. Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile;7. Research and Development Unit, Clínica Los Coihues, Santiago, Chile;8. Section of Research, Innovation and Development in Kinesiology, Kinesiology Unit, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile;1. Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan;2. Tominaga Kusano Hospital, Niigata, Japan;3. Niigata Hand Surgery Foundation, Niigata, Japan;1. Department of Rehabilitation Center, Dang Dang Korean Medicine Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Physical Therapy, INJE university, Gimhae, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, INJE University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea;1. Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan;2. Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Nishi-Tokyo, Japan;3. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Nishi-Tokyo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Surface electromyography (EMG) comprises a recording of electrical activity from the body surface generated by muscle fibres during muscle contractions. Its characteristics depend on the fibre membrane potentials and the neural activation signal sent from the motor neurons to the muscles. EMG has been classically used as the primary investigation tool in kinesiology studies in a variety of applications. More recently, surface EMG techniques have evolved from single-channel methods to high-density systems with hundreds of electrodes. High-density EMG recordings can be deconvolved to estimate the discharge times of spinal motor neurons innervating the recorded muscles, with algorithms that have been developed and validated in the last two decades. Within limits and with some variability across muscles, these techniques provide a non-invasive method to study relatively large populations of motor neurons in humans. Surface EMG is thus evolving from a peripheral measure of muscle electrical activity towards a neural recording and neural interfacing signal. These advances in technology have had a major impact on our fundamental understanding of the neural control of movement and have exposed new perspectives in neurotechnologies. Here we provide an overview and perspective of modern EMG technology, as derived from past achievements, and its impact in neurophysiology and neural engineering. |
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| Keywords: | Electromyography Motor neuron Motor unit Decomposition |
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