Simultaneous Application of Rhizobium Strain and Melatonin Improves the Photosynthetic Capacity and Induces Antioxidant Defense System in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Under Salinity Stress

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) as a natural biostimulating substance provides a number of benefits in stimulating plant growth in stress situations due to its natural antioxidant capacity. Rhizobia also play crucial roles in supporting plant growth under environmental stress conditions. The overall goal of this research is to study the possible positive effects of melatonin and rhizobacterium in enhancing the growth and salinity tolerance of common bean. To accomplish this objective, we conducted in vitro experiment to select the optimal melatonin concentration and treatment time of seed priming for the best germination. Also, a greenhouse experiment was performed to investigate the effect of melatonin pre-treatment applied before rhizobial inoculation to improve the fitness of common bean under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with six replications and three treatments: priming treatments (melatonin priming (PM100), hydro priming (PH) and dry (PD)), salinity (0, 4, 8, 10 and 16 dS m^?1) and Rhizobium strain (inoculated (RS?+) and uninoculated (RS?)). Our results showed that melatonin priming promoted bacterial colony size in Petri-dishes. The interactive effects of melatonin and RS?+?was found to alleviate reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, and hence protect common bean chlorophylls a, b and carotenoid and photosynthetic activity and decrease malondialdehyde content through activation of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), facilitation of soluble protein synthesis, maintenance of Na⁺ and K⁺ homeostasis, and finally increase shoot dry weight (33.2, 39.5 and 31.5%) and seed yield (78.6, 91 and 54.2%) compared to the combination of PD and RS- treatments under 0, 4 and 8 dS m^?1 salinity levels, respectively. Thus, our findings suggest that seed priming with melatonin, especially 100 µM melatonin is an effective strategy that can be used to enhance salt tolerance in common bean.