Mediated (nonactive) transport of glucose in mammalian cells and its regulation

Mediated (nonactive) transport of glucose in mammalian cells is characterized by saturation kinetics, stereospecificity, sensitivity to inhibition by phlorizin and certain sulfhydryl-blocking agents, a temperature coefficient of about 2, an inability to utilize metabolic energy, and countertransport. Countertransport can be explained by the development of carrier gradients in the cell membrane and provides the best evidence for carrier mobility. Efforts to identify and isolate chemical components of the transport system, have not been successful. Transport among different types of mammalian cells shows a wide range of activities (V_max values differ by three or more orders of magnitude) and different sensitivities to hormones. Glucose enters the liver cell by mediated transport, as shown by a difference in the penetration rates of D- and L-glucose and sensitivity to phlorizin. The activity of the system is one of the highest known. Transport in muscle is the most important rate-controlling step for glucose utilization and is strongly accelerated by hypoxia, work, and insulin. The effect of work or insulin is strongly inhibited by metabolism, of fatty acids. Insulin also stimulates glucose transport in adipose tissue. Using isolated fat cells, it could be shown that insulin is rapidly bound to sites on the cell surface. The effect is lost within a few minutes after the exogenous hormone is removed. The bound insulin is not released as such, but is metabolized to unknown products. Binding is prevented by preexposure of cells to maleimide, which presumably blocks certain sulfhydryl groups at or near the insulin-binding site. Pretreatment with insulin protects against maleimide. Digestion of the cell with trypsin eliminates the acceleration of glucose transport and the inhibition of lipolysis by insulin. The glucose transport and adenyl cyclase systems are not grossly affected by trypsin, indicating that the insulin effector system is a separate entity.