Knockout mice: a paradigm shift in modern immunology |
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Authors: | Mak T W Penninger J M Ohashi P S |
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Affiliation: | Amgen Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. tmak@oci.utoronto.ca |
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Abstract: | In the past decade, advances in genetic engineering and mouse knockout technology have transformed our understanding of the immune system. In particular, new perspectives on T-cell development, co-stimulation and activation have emerged from the study of single and multiple gene-knockout animals, as well as from conditional knockout and 'knock-in' mutants. Analysis of these animals has clarified important intracellular signalling pathways and has shed light on the regulatory mechanisms that govern normal immune responses and autoimmunity. |
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