High food quality increases infection of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda) by the acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis |
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| Institution: | 1. Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Avenue du Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France;2. CNRS, LIEC, 57070 Metz, France;3. LTSER France, Zone Atelier du Bassin de la Moselle, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France;4. Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;5. Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté – UMR CNRS 6282, 6 bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France;6. Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;7. Ecole Nationale du Génie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (ENGEES), F-67070 Strasbourg, France;1. Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy;2. Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy;3. Terrestrial Population Dynamics, Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland;1. School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;2. Modha Biomedical Ltd, 9B St Cuthberts Avenue, Great Glen, Leicester LE8 9EJ, UK;3. Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK;1. Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK;2. Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt;3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;4. Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute of Animal Breeding, 85586 Grub, Germany;5. Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;6. Department of Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;7. School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;8. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;9. Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;1. Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7360, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Campus Bridoux, Rue du Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France;2. International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (iCEINT), Aix en Provence, France;1. Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), Liège University, Belgium;2. Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, GIGA-R, Liège University, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Parasitism is an important process in ecosystems, but has been largely neglected in ecosystem research. However, parasites are involved in most trophic links in food webs with, in turn, a major role in community structure and ecosystem processes. Several studies have shown that higher nutrient availability in ecosystems tends to increase the prevalence of parasites. Yet, most of these studies focused on resource availability, whereas studies investigating resource quality remain scarce. In this study, we tested the impact of the quality of host food resources on infection by parasites, as well as on the consequences for the host. Three resources were used to individually feed Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda) experimentally infected or not infected with the acanthocephalan species Pomphorhynchus laevis: microbially conditioned leaf litter without phosphorus input (standard resource); microbially conditioned leaf litter enriched in phosphorus; and microbially conditioned leaf litter without phosphorus input but complemented with additional inputs of benthic diatoms rich in both phosphorus and eicosapentaenoic acid. During the 110 day experiment, infection rate, parasite load, host survival, and parasite-mediated behavioral traits implicated in trophic transmission were measured (refuge use, geotaxis and locomotor activity). The resources of higher quality, regardless of the infection status, reduced gammarid mortality and increased gammarid growth. In addition, higher quality resources increased the proportion of infected gammarids, and led to more cases of multi-infections. While slightly modifying the geotaxis behavior of uninfected gammarids, resource quality did not modulate the impact of parasites on host behavior. Finally, for most parameters, consumption of algal resources had a greater impact than did phosphorus-enriched leaf litter. Therefore, manipulation of resource quality significantly affected host–parasite relationships, which stressed the need for future research to investigate in natura the relationships between resource availability, resource quality and parasite prevalence. |
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| Keywords: | Parasite Food quality Ecological stoichiometry Experimental infestation Survival Growth Behavior |
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