Laboratory transmission of an Asian strain of Leishmania tropica by the bite of the southern European sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus |
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| Institution: | 1. UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS–Université de Montpellier–Université P. Valéry–EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France;2. UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, CNRS–IRD–Université de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France;1. Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel;2. Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel;1. Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA;2. Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA;3. Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;1. Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain;2. San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Padova, Italy;1. Laboratório de Parasitologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil;2. Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;3. Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera/LIVEDIH/IOC, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;4. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic |
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| Abstract: | Imported cases of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica are increasingly documented in Europe. We investigated the ability of Phlebotomus perniciosus, a competent vector of Leishmania infantum widespread in southwestern Europe, to support the growth and transmissibility of an Asian strain of L. tropica recently isolated from a refugee. Parasite growth behavior was investigated in laboratory-reared sand flies fed artificially with promastigotes as well as in sand flies infected after biting on footpad lesions induced in hamsters by promastigote inoculation. The evolution of infection was checked by gut microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR, and it was found to be similar between promastigote- and amastigote-initiated infections. In 80% of infected sand flies, despite survival and flourishing growth of promastigotes after blood digestion and defecation, either the parasites died, or failed to migrate to the foregut and/or to mature into infective forms. However, in the remaining 20% L. tropica developed into abundant metacyclic promastigotes. The quantitative real-time PCR assay detected variable loads of gut promastigotes irrespective of morphological evidence of viability or progressive/final death. Parasite transmissibility was investigated by exposing naive hamsters to P. perniciosus previously infected on chronic lesions induced in hamsters which survived to take a second blood meal. Two months post exposure, lesions developed in skin sites bitten by sand flies confirmed to harbor metacyclic promastigotes; in the following months, the presence of viable and transmissible L. tropica parasites in lesions was demonstrated by xenodiagnosis assays. Our findings support the hypothesis that, in particular epidemiological situations, P. perniciosus may play the role of an occasional L. tropica vector. |
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| Keywords: | Transmission Hamster Xenodiagnosis qPCR |
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