Cultured cell extracts support organelle movement on microtubules in vitro

Directed movements of organelles have been observed in a variety of cultured cells. To study the regulation and molecular basis of intracellular organelle motility, we have prepared extracts from cultured chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF cells) which support the movement of membraneous organelles along microtubules. The velocity, frequency and characteristics of organelle movements in vitro were similar to those within intact cells. Organelles and extract-coated anionic beads moved predominantly (80%) toward the minus ends of microtubules that had been regrown from centrosomes, corresponding to retrograde translocation. Similar microtubule-dependent organelle movements were observed in extracts prepared from other cultured cells (African green monkey kidney and 3T3 cells). Organelle motility was ATP and microtubule dependent. The frequency of organelle movement was inhibited by acidic (pH less than 7) or alkaline (pH greater than 8) solutions, high ionic strength ( KCl] = 0.1 M), and the chelation of free magnesium ions. Treatment of the extracts with adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP, 7 mM), sodium orthovanadate (vanadate; Na3VO4, 20 microM), or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 2 mM) blocked all organelle motility. The decoration of microtubules with organelles was observed in the presence of AMP-PNP or vanadate. Motility was not affected by cytochalasin D (2 microM) or cAMP (1 mM). Kinesin (Mr = 116,000), an anterograde microtubule-based motor, was partially purified from the CEF extract by microtubule affinity purification in the presence of AMP-PNP, and was able to drive the movement of microtubule on glass coverslips. A similar preparation made in the presence of vanadate contained a different subset of proteins and did not support motility. These results demonstrate that intracellular organelle motility can be reproduced in vitro and provide the basis for investigating the roles of individual molecular components involved in the organelle motor complex.