Emerging new paradigms for ABCG transporters |
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Authors: | Paul T. Tarr,Elizabeth J. Tarling,Dragana D. Bojanic,Peter A. Edwards,Á ngel Baldá n |
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Affiliation: | 1. Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA;2. Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;3. Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;4. Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;5. Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, DRC 321, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA |
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Abstract: | Every cell is separated from its external environment by a lipid membrane. Survival depends on the regulated and selective transport of nutrients, waste products and regulatory molecules across these membranes, a process that is often mediated by integral membrane proteins. The largest and most diverse of these membrane transport systems is the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family of membrane transport proteins. The ABC family is a large evolutionary conserved family of transmembrane proteins (> 250 members) present in all phyla, from bacteria to Homo sapiens, which require energy in the form of ATP hydrolysis to transport substrates against concentration gradients. In prokaryotes the majority of ABC transporters are involved in the transport of nutrients and other macromolecules into the cell. In eukaryotes, with the exception of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR/ABCC7), ABC transporters mobilize substrates from the cytoplasm out of the cell or into specific intracellular organelles. This review focuses on the members of the ABCG subfamily of transporters, which are conserved through evolution in multiple taxa. As discussed below, these proteins participate in multiple cellular homeostatic processes, and functional mutations in some of them have clinical relevance in humans. |
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Keywords: | ABC, ATP binding cassette DKO, double knock-out HDL, high-density lipoprotein LDL, low-density lipoprotein LXR, liver X receptor TMD, transmembrane domain |
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