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Pleistocene speciation of freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Potamidae: Geothelphusa) from northern Taiwan and southern Ryukyus, as revealed by phylogenetic relationships
Authors:Hsi-Te Shih  Peter KL Ng  Tohru Naruse  Shigemitsu Shokita  Min-Yun Liu
Institution:aDepartment of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;bDepartment of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore;cIriomote Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Taketomi, Okinawa 907-1541, Japan;dOkinawa Science and Technology Promotion Center, Naha, Okinawa 900-0029, Japan;eTaiwan Ocean Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Qieding, Kaohsiung City 85243, Taiwan
Abstract:The phylogenetic relationship among freshwater crab species of Geothelphusa from northern Taiwan and the Yaeyama Group of islands (including Iriomote and Ishigaki) in the southern Ryukyus was studied using the mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA and COI. Our results support the hypothesis that speciation of Geothelphusa among these islands was the result of cyclic glaciations and interglaciations during the Pleistocene. Two main clades, one the Taiwan Group (containing several clades, including most Taiwanese Geothelphusa species except Geothelphusa miyazakii but including Geothelphusa minei from Yaeyama), was estimated to be separated from its sister group, the southern Ryukyus-northern Taiwan (SRN) clade (including G. miyazakii, Geothelphusa shokitai, Geothelphusa fulva and G. marginata from northern Taiwan, the Pinnacle Islands =Diaoyutai Islands or Senkaku Islands] and Yaeyama) at about 5.3 million years ago (mya). G. shokitai was separated from others within the SRN clade at 2.4 mya, but was probably derived from G. miyazakii in northern Taiwan. The ancestor of G. miyazakii is hypothesised to have dispersed from ancestors in Yaeyama and then isolated at 2.0 mya during the Pleistocene interglaciations. This is similar to the speciation of G. minei in Yaeyama at 1.5 mya, except that its ancestors originated from north-eastern Taiwan. Four clades of freshwater crabs are present in the Fushan Botanical Garden, located in the mountainous area of north-eastern Taiwan, which might be due to the historical rearrangements of the drainage and proximity of the various river origins.
Keywords:16S rRNA  Biogeography  COI  Freshwater crabs  Geothelphusa  Glaciations  Phylogeny
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