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Establishing the foundation for an applied molecular taxonomy of otters in Southeast Asia |
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| Authors: | Klaus-Peter Koepfli Budsabong Kanchanasaka Hiroshi Sasaki Hélène Jacques Kristina D Y Louie Toanvong Hoai Nguyen Xuan Dang Eli Geffen Arno Gutleb Sung-yong Han Thrine M Heggberget Lionel LaFontaine Hang Lee Roland Melisch Jordi Ruiz-Olmo Margarida Santos-Reis Vadim E Sidorovich Michael Stubbe Robert K Wayne |
| Institution: | 1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA 2. Royal Forest Department, Wildlife Research Division, 61 Paholyothin Road, Bangken, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand 3. Chikushi Jogakuen University Junior College, 2-12-1, Ishizaka, Dazaifu, Fukuoka, 818-0192, Japan 4. Société Francaise pour L′Etude et al Protection des Mammiferes, Paris, France 5. Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hoang Quoc, Viet Street, Nghia Do, Can day, Hanoi, Vietnam 6. Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel 7. Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Section for Stationary Clinic, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway 8. Korean Otter Research Center, 578-Gorye, Hanam, Hwacheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea 9. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, 7485, Trondheim, Norway 10. LutrAtlantica, B.P. 1, 29670, Locquenole, France 11. Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 12. TRAFFIC International, c/o WWF Germany, Rebst?cker Str. 55, 60326, Frankfurt, Germany 13. Servei de Protecció i Gestió de la Fauna, Direcció general del Patrimoni Natural i del Medi Fisic, Dr. Roux 80, 08017, Barcelona, Spain 14. Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Centro de Biologia Ambiental/Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande C2 – 2° Piso, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal 15. Vertebrate Predation Research Group, Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Akademicheskaja Str., 27, Minsk, 220072, Belarus 16. Institute of Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, PF 8, 06099, Halle (Saale), Germany |
| Abstract: | Four species of otters (Mustelidae, Lutrinae) occur in Southeast Asia and are considered to be of conservation concern: Aonyx cinerea (Asian small-clawed otter), Lutra lutra (Eurasian otter), Lutra sumatrana (Hairy-nosed otter), and Lutrogale perspicillata (Smooth-coated otter). Among these, L. sumatrana is endemic to the region, yet little is known about its biology, and the precise distribution of all four species in Southeast Asia is not well known. Furthermore, the taxonomy and systematics of L. sumatrana and L. perspicillata have been the subject of controversy, which has implications for the legal protection and for conservation programs of these taxa. To resolve these controversies, we used a multigene data set comprised of segments from 13 nuclear and 5 mitochondrial loci (11,180 nucleotides) to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of Asian Old World otters. Phylogenies were also estimated using two mitochondrial loci (1,832 nucleotides) obtained from two or more individuals of the four Southeast Asian species. The results from maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference showed that L. sumatrana and L. lutra are sister taxa, whereas L. perspicillata is sister to A. cinerea. Furthermore, the results from the two-mitochondrial gene analyses indicate that L. sumatrana is reciprocally monophyletic with respect to L. lutra, supporting the specific validity of the former taxon. Signs such as tracks and feces are often used in field surveys to provide information on the distribution and abundance of otters, but the accuracy of these methods may be compromised when several closely related species occur sympatrically. Therefore, the two-gene data set was used to develop a provisional set of diagnostic nucleotides that can be potentially used to identify the four species of Southeast Asian otters from noninvasively collected biological samples, such as feces. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
| Keywords: | Otter Lutrinae Lutra sumatrana Molecular phylogeny Molecular taxonomy Southeast Asia Conservation genetics |
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