SMAD4 contributes to chondrocyte and osteocyte development |
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| Authors: | Katayoon Pakravan Ehsan Razmara Bashdar Mahmud Hussen Fatemeh Sattarikia Majid Sadeghizadeh Sadegh Babashah |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran Iran ; 2. Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran Iran ; 3. Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region Iraq |
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| Abstract: | Different cellular and molecular mechanisms contribute to chondrocyte and osteocyte development. Although vital roles of the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (also called ‘SMAD4’) have been discussed in different cancers and stem cell‐related studies, there are a few reviews summarizing the roles of this protein in the skeletal development and bone homeostasis. In order to fill this gap, we discuss the critical roles of SMAD4 in the skeletal development. To this end, we review the different signalling pathways and also how SMAD4 defines stem cell features. We also elaborate how the epigenetic factors—ie DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs—make a contribution to the chondrocyte and osteocyte development. To better grasp the important roles of SMAD4 in the cartilage and bone development, we also review the genotype‐phenotype correlation in animal models. This review helps us to understand the importance of the SMAD4 in the chondrocyte and bone development and the potential applications for therapeutic goals. |
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| Keywords: | chondrogenesis epigenetic modulations osteogenesis signalling pathways SMAD4 |
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