First record of Grammatodinium (Dinophyceae) for the American Eastern Pacific coast: Morphological,molecular and ecological confirmation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Laboratorio de Macroalgas Marinas y Salobres, CdMx, Mexico;2. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Departamento de Hidrobiología, Laboratorio de Fitoplancton Marino y Salobre, CdMx, Mexico;1. Vy-Creuse 37, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland;2. A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia;3. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, 361104 Xiamen, China;4. Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, The Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, 361104 Xiamen, China;1. Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;2. Key Laboratory of Mariculture (OUC), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China;3. Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;4. Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China |
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| Abstract: | Grammatodinium Li & Shin is a monospecific genus described from the Tongyeong Bay area in Korea. In the current study, we describe its presence in the American Eastern Pacific coast for the first time, particularly in Acapulco Bay, Mexico, using morphological, molecular and environmental data. Sequences generated in this study with SSU and LSU formed a monophyletic group with other sequences from GenBank belonging to Gr. tongyeonginum, the only species known for the genus; however, genetic distance values between this species and our specimens (8.5% SSU; 2.8% LSU) were equivalent or even greater than those reported in other genera of dinoflagellates. Our phylogeny clearly showed the relationship of Grammatodinium with the families Pyrocystaceae and Gonyaulacaceae. In our specimens, cells appeared individually and in colonies of up to 16 cells, which were observed mainly during the dry season, so they could be confused with Gymnodinium catenatum, a common dinoflagellate in Acapulco with which they can coexist and share their general appearance, but they are clearly differentiated by the presence of longitudinal furrows throughout the body and a yellowish-green coloration, both absent in Gymnodinium catenatum. Although our evidence strongly suggests the presence of a new species for the region, more detailed morphological examinations are needed to confirm this statement. |
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| Keywords: | LSU Phylogeny Phytoplankton Single cell PCR SSU |
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