Pump-like channelrhodopsins: Not just bridging the gap between ion pumps and ion channels

Channelrhodopsins are microbial rhodopsins that work as light-gated ion channels. Their importance has become increasingly recognized due to their ability to control the membrane potential of specific cells in a light-dependent manner. This technology, termed optogenetics, has revolutionized neuroscience, and numerous channelrhodopsin variants have been isolated or engineered to expand the utility of optogenetics. Pump-like channelrhodopsins (PLCRs), one of the recently discovered channelrhodopsin subfamilies, have attracted broad attention due to their high sequence similarity to ion-pumping rhodopsins and their distinct properties, such as high light sensitivity and ion selectivity. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structure-function relationships of PLCRs and discuss the challenges and opportunities of channelrhodopsin research.