Diverse mechanisms of polysaccharide biosynthesis,assembly and secretion across kingdoms |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA;2. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;1. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100083, China;2. Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, United States;1. Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK;2. Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK;3. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK;1. Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;1. Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil;2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom;3. Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil;1. Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan;3. FOREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan;1. Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA;2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA |
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| Abstract: | Polysaccharides are essential biopolymers produced in all kingdoms of life. On the cell surface, they represent versatile architectural components, forming protective capsules and coats, cell walls, or adhesives. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis mechanisms differ based on the cellular localization of polymer assembly. Some polysaccharides are first synthesized in the cytosol and then extruded by ATP powered transporters [1]. In other cases, the polymers are assembled outside the cell [2], synthesized and secreted in a single step [3], or deposited on the cell surface via vesicular trafficking [4]. This review focuses on recent insights into the biosynthesis, secretion, and assembly of EPS in microbes, plants and vertebrates. We focus on comparing the sites of biosynthesis, secretion mechanisms, and higher-order EPS assemblies. |
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