重大工程建设中生态安全格局构建基本原则和方法

随着人类活动的日益加强,生态安全成为全球关注的话题.生态安全的状态受到人类干扰活动的影响,而区域生态安全演变也会影响人类活动的功效.20世纪90年代以来,我国先后开展了长江三峡大坝、青藏铁路、西气东输、西电东送、南水北调等重大工程项目的建设.这些重大工程建设对区域生态安全的影响，以及区域生态系统演变对工程安全运行的影响成为我国政府关注的重要课题.如何在强度干扰下开展生态恢复与区域生态安全格局的构建,不仅关系到区域生态环境的保护,也关系到各项重大工程的顺利运行.本文系统分析了工程建设的类型、特征及其对区域生态环境的影响,在此基础上,提出了重大工程建设中生态恢复与安全格局构建的基本原则和方法.认为在工程建设中构建生态安全格局需要从6个方面着手：区域生态环境现状分析与评价、工程建设生态干扰与风险评价、生态安全格局预案构建、区域生态环境效应情景分析、区域生态恢复与安全格局再优化和生态系统管理方案的建立.讨论了我国重大工程建设中生态安全格局构建面临的突出问题.

Principles and methodology for ecological rehabilitation and security pattern design in key project construction

Global ecological security becomes increasingly important with the intensive human activities. The function of ecological security is influenced by human activities, and in return, the efficiency of human activities will also be affected by the patterns of regional ecological security. Since the 1990s, China has initiated the construction of key projects "Yangtze Three Gorges Dam", "Qinghai-Tibet Railway", "West-to-East Gas Pipeline", "West-to-East Electricity Transmission" and "South-to-North Water Transfer" , etc. The interaction between these projects and regional ecological security has particularly attracted the attention of Chinese government. It is not only important for the regional environmental protection, but also of significance for the smoothly implementation of various projects aimed to develop an ecological rehabilitation system and to design a regional ecological security pattern. This paper made a systematic analysis on the types and characteristics of key project construction and their effects on the environment, and on the basis of this, brought forward the basic principles and methodology for ecological rehabilitation and security pattern design in this construction. It was considered that the following issues should be addressed in the implementation of a key project: 1) analysis and evaluation of current regional ecological environment, 2) evaluation of anthropogenic disturbances and their ecological risk, 3) regional ecological rehabilitation and security pattern design, 4) scenario analysis of environmental benefits of regional ecological security pattern, 5) re-optimization of regional ecological system framework, and 6) establishment of regional ecosystem management plan.