Rehabilitation of a tailing dam at Shimen County, Hunan Province: Effectiveness assessment

This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of phytoremediation on a tailing dam located in Shimen County, Hunan Province. Quadrat survey method was employed to investigate and sample the dominant plant species growing on the rehabilitated tailing dam. The fertilities of the soils were assessed, and concentrations of arsenic and other heavy metals in the plant and soil samples were measured. The results showed that no difference was found on the effect of soil capping with top and non-topsoils for rehabilitation of plants on the tailing dam. After rehabilitation, stable vegetation coverage types were established, 39 plant species were found to grow on the tailing dam, and the minimal area for plant communities was 30 m². The dominant plant species were planted Pteris vittata and natural colonizing Miscanthus sinensis. The contents of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soils were low, while the potassium content was at a middle level; however, plots where Legumina plants grew were found to have higher level of nitrogen and phosphorus in the growing soils. Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the soils were 8 and 7 times of the grade III value of the National Standard for Soil Quality (GB15618-1995), respectively; while in tailings these were 81 and 68 times. The available As concentration in the soils ranged as 3.7–29.5 mg kg^?1, whereas the available As concentration in tailings was as high as 61.1 mg kg^?1. Concentrations for most of the heavy metals were in the normal range of terrestrial higher plants, except As and Cd in P. vittata and M. sinensis, and As in the roots of M. sinensis. It is concluded that phytoremediation project has reduced the ecological and health risks caused by the tailing dam to the ambient environment. However, the plants growing on the tailing dam which contained high As and Cd should be kept from entering into food chain in order to protect the health of local residents.