Social factors of group spawning as an alternative mating tactic in the territorial males of the threespot wrasse <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Halichoeres trimaculatus</Emphasis> |
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Authors: | Shohei Suzuki Tetsuo Kuwamura Yasuhiro Nakashima Kenji Karino Masanori Kohda |
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Institution: | (1) Laboratory of Animal Sociology, Department of Bio- and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan;(2) Biological Laboratory, School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Yagoto-honmachi, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8666, Japan;(3) College of Economics, Nihon University, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8360, Japan;(4) Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan;(5) Present address: Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Initial Research Project, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Promotion Corporation, Suzaki, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2234, Japan |
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Abstract: | In most labrid fishes, large males with bright terminal phase (TP) coloration normally defend mating territories and pair
spawn after following (i.e., courting) solitary females. It has also been reported that the TP males may abandon their territories
and participate in group spawning when mating groups of small non-territorial males with drab initial phase (IP) coloration
frequently intrude into the territories of TP males. In the similar situation of the present study, however, the territorial
TP males of the threespot wrasse, Halichoeres trimaculatus, did not always participate in group spawning but continued pair spawning. Only the TP males that had few opportunities to
encounter solitary IP individuals participated in group spawning, frequently following the mating groups of IP individuals.
It is therefore suggested that group spawning of the territorial TP males is regarded as a tactic of making the best of the
bad situation by the TP males with few opportunities to pair spawn in an area where group spawning dominates. |
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