Intracellular parasitism,the driving force of evolution of Legionella pneumophila and the genus Legionella |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;2. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;3. Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;4. Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;5. Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;6. School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;7. School of Humanities, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;8. People''s Bank of China School of Finance, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;9. Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;10. Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China;11. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China;12. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;13. College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China;14. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China;15. Baidu Research, Baidu, Beijing, China;p. Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China;q. School of Business, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China;r. The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK;s. State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;t. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;u. Department of Statistics and Data Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China;v. Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;w. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China;x. Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China;y. School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China;z. Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria;11. Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK;12. State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;13. The State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;14. School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China;15. Rutgers Business School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;16. Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China;17. Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK;1. Manhattan College, 4513 Manhattan College Parkway, Bronx, NY, 10471, USA;2. DLR Project Management Agency, Rosa-Luxemburg-Str. 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany;3. UNCCD, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, D-53113 Bonn, Germany;4. ISPRA, Italian Institute for the Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy;5. Department of Water and Forestry, School of Agronomy, University of Antananarivo, Ambohitsaiana, PO Box 175, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar;6. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel;1. Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, South Korea;2. Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, South Korea;3. Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea;4. Department of Parasitology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea;1. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands;2. Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Haarlem, the Netherlands;3. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen that causes a severe pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease that is often fatal when not promptly diagnosed and treated. Legionella parasitize aquatic protozoa with which it co-evolved over an evolutionary long time. The close relationship between hosts and pathogens, their co-evolution, led to molecular interactions such as the exchange of genetic material through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Genome sequencing of L. pneumophila and of the entire genus Legionella that comprises over 60 species revealed that Legionellae have co-opted genes and thus cellular functions from their eukaryotic hosts to a surprisingly high extent. Acquisition and loss of these eukaryotic-like genes and domains is an on-going process underlining the highly dynamic nature of the Legionella genomes. Although the large amount and diversity of HGT in Legionella seems to be unique in the prokaryotic world the analyses of more and more genomes from environmental organisms and symbionts of amoeba revealed that such genetic exchanges occur among all amoeba associated bacteria and also among the different microorganisms that infect amoeba. This dynamic reshuffling and gene-acquisition has led to the emergence of Legionella as human pathogen and may lead to the emergence of new human pathogens from the environment. |
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