Temporal dynamics of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and two species of flea beetles (Aphthona spp.) used as biological control agents |
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| Institution: | 1. USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, 100 Ecology Bldg., 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;2. USGS National Wetlands Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd., Lafayette, LA 70506, USA;1. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;2. CNRS UMR 7205, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 50, Entomologie, 45, rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France;3. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;4. Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, Department of Natural Sciences, Fanar, El-Metn 26110217, Lebanon;1. State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China;2. Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia;3. Department of Animal Science, Hartpury College, Hartpury, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom;4. Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA;5. Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA;6. College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuanbeilu 105, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China;7. Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;8. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China;1. Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden;2. Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden;1. Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan;2. Center for Innovative and Translational Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan;3. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan;4. Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan |
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| Abstract: | The goal of this study was to evaluate the biological control program of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in a large natural area, Theodore Roosevelt National Park, western North Dakota, USA. Aphthona lacertosa and Aphthona nigriscutis have been released at more than 1800 points in the 18,600-ha South Unit of the park beginning in 1989; most releases have occurred since 1994. We established permanent vegetation plots throughout the infested area of the park and determined stem counts and biomass of leafy spurge and abundance of the two flea beetle species at these plots each year from 1999 to 2001. Both biomass and stem counts declined over the 3 years of the study. Both species of flea beetle are well established within the park and have expanded into areas where they were not released. A. nigriscutis was more abundant than A. lacertosa in the grassland areas we surveyed, but in all other habitats abundances were similar. Using structural equation models, only A. lacertosa could be shown to have a significant effect on counts of mature stems of leafy spurge. A. nigriscutis numbers were positively correlated with stem counts of mature stems. Previous year’s stem counts had the greatest influence on change in stem counts over each 2-year time step examined with structural equation models. |
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