Starch biosynthesis,its regulation and biotechnological approaches to improve crop yields |
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Authors: | Abdellatif Bahaji,Jun Li,Á ngela Marí a Sá nchez-Ló pez,Edurne Baroja-Ferná ndez,Francisco José Muñ oz,Miroslav Ovecka,Goizeder Almagro,Manuel Montero,Ignacio Ezquer,Ed Etxeberria,Javier Pozueta-Romero |
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Affiliation: | 1. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea z/g, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain;2. Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitel? 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;3. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850-2299, USA |
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Abstract: | Structurally composed of the glucose homopolymers amylose and amylopectin, starch is the main storage carbohydrate in vascular plants, and is synthesized in the plastids of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells. Its abundance as a naturally occurring organic compound is surpassed only by cellulose, and represents both a cornerstone for human and animal nutrition and a feedstock for many non-food industrial applications including production of adhesives, biodegradable materials, and first-generation bioethanol. This review provides an update on the different proposed pathways of starch biosynthesis occurring in both autotrophic and heterotrophic organs, and provides emerging information about the networks regulating them and their interactions with the environment. Special emphasis is given to recent findings showing that volatile compounds emitted by microorganisms promote both growth and the accumulation of exceptionally high levels of starch in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. We also review how plant biotechnologists have attempted to use basic knowledge on starch metabolism for the rational design of genetic engineering traits aimed at increasing starch in annual crop species. Finally we present some potential biotechnological strategies for enhancing starch content. |
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Keywords: | ADPG, ADPglucose AGP, ADPG pyrophosphorylase AGPP, ADPG pyrophosphatase A/N-inv, alkaline/neutral invertase BT1, Brittle 1 F6P, fructose-6-phosphate G1P, glucose-1-phosphate G6P, glucose-6-phosphate GBSS, granule bound starch synthase GPT, glucose-6-phosphate translocator GWD, glucan, water dikinase HvBT1, Hordeum vulgare BT1 MCF, mitochondrial carrier family MVs, microbial volatiles NPP, nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase MIVOISAP, MIcrobial VOlatiles Induced Starch Accumulation Process NTRC, NADP-thioredoxin reductase C OPPP, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway Pi, orthophosphate 3PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate pHK, plastidial hexokinase pPGI, plastidial phosphoglucoseisomerase pPGM, plastidial phosphoglucomutase PPi, inorganic pyrophosphate pSP, plastidial starch phosphorylase RSR1, Rice Starch Regulator1 SuSy, sucrose synthase SS, starch synthase T6P, trehalose-6-phosphate Trx, thioredoxin UDPG, UDPglucose UGP, UDPG pyrophosphorylase WT, wild type ZmBT1, Zea mays BT1 |
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