Pre-mining baseline characterization of soils: Alkali and alkaline earth metals

Mining activities lead to the destruction of soil properties and productivity. Accomplishment of soil properties which existed before mining can be used for successful reclamation of the mined out area. With this aim proposed bauxite mines in the Eastern Ghats, India, were studied with respect to the exchangeable fraction of Na, K, Li, Ca and Mg. Na in the soils ranged from 4 to 82 mg/kg, K 15.2–746 mg/kg, Ca 119.6–2875.2 mg/kg, Li 1.2–14 mg/kg and Mg 349.8–2391.9 mg/kg. The elements studied varied significantly among the locations (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was negatively correlated with most of the variables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) accounted for 95.6% of the total variance. PC1 (first principal component) formed of pCa, rMg, Mg:Ca, rCa and pMg, indicated Ca type enrichment in the system. PC2 and PC3 reflected the influence of SAR, pNa, rNa and Na, and Mg and CEC, respectively. The study, aimed at documenting the background concentrations of base cations in the Araku soil system, India, will be useful in later years during mine restoration programme. It would also form a base document for the mine managers during mine restoration.