基于景观格局理论和理想风水模式的藏族乡土聚落景观空间解析——以甘肃省迭部县扎尕那村落为例

中国传统乡土聚落作为多功能景观,其保护研究是我国生态及文化保护工作的重要组成部分,是可持续科学和跨学科研究的典型载体。从文化和生态两条研究路线出发,同时运用中国传统风水生态理念和现代景观格局理论对甘肃省迭部县扎尕那村藏族乡土聚落的景观立体结构、生态要素构成进行不同角度的解构,探析理想景观模式蕴含的生态合理性及文化与环境在聚落发展中的相互关系。风水模式分析表明扎尕那聚落立体结构为"盆地-豁口-走廊"的壶天模式,符合中国人心目中理想的"山-林-屋-水-林"景观模式,其空间要素组成在水平和垂直方向上均表现出以人类活动为中心的圈层结构。综合自然地理环境要素契合"藏风得水"的理想风水格局,整体形成以寺庙为核心的组团式聚居格局,各个独立自然村落具有相似的界面特征。景观格局指数分析表明扎尕那聚落景观以有林地和裸岩为基质,景观异质性和景观连接度都较高。人工斑块比例很低,聚落属于极稀疏区,人类活动对于自然环境的干扰较小。多重文化和自然环境的综合作用是扎尕那聚落格局演化的主要驱动因子。本研究为扎尕那聚落的保护和发展模式的制定奠定了理论基础,对于文化与环境相互关系的研究及中国多功能景观研究模式的探索具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。

Landscape spatial analysis of a traditional tibetan settlement based on landscape pattern theory and feng-shui theory:the case of Zhagana, Diebu, Gansu Province

Chinese traditional settlements are of vital importance in ecological and cultural protection. are is also interesting subjects of study for sustainability science and trans-disciplinary research efforts. In this study, Chinese traditional Feng-shui theory and modern landscape pattern theory were combined to analyze the Zhagana settlement from multiple viewpoints. Stereoscopic structure, ecological elements, and spatial pattern were examined in order to explore the ecological rationality and internal driving forces embodied in the ideal landscape type, and to try to understand the interaction between culture and environment in settlement development. Feng-shui mode analysis indicates that the Zhagana settlement is a typical 'World-in-Pot' mode with 'Basin-Gap-Corridor' structure, which has the 'mountain-forest-village-river-forest' structure of the ideal Chinese landscape. With human architecture as the center, the landscape has an ecological circle structure on both horizontal and vertical levels. The overall ecological and geographic conditions coincide with the principle of 'Cang-feng De-shui' in ancient Chinese Feng-shui theory. With similar interface characteristics between each village, four whole villages concentrate around the Lasang Temple. Landscape pattern index analysis indicates that forestland and hill dryland compose the matrix of the settlement landscape. The diversity and evenness of the whole landscape are high. With low artificial patch area proportion, Zhagana is characterized by extremely sparse settlement, and human disturbance of the environment is very low. Results of the study indicate that formation of the ideal landscape pattern in the Zhagana settlement is mainly driven by the interactions between cultural and environmental forces. This study establishes a foundation for the Zhagana settlement's protection and development. It also has both theoretical significance and practical value for research on cultural-environmental interactions and the Chinese multifunctional landscape model.