Reduced levels of microsatellite variability on the neo-Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda

BACKGROUND: In many species, sex is determined by a system involving X and Y chromosomes, the latter having lost much of their genetic activity. Sex chromosomes have evolved independently many times, and several different mechanisms responsible for the degeneration of the Y chromosome have been proposed. Here, we have taken advantage of the secondary sex chromosome pair in Drosophila miranda to test for the effects of evolutionary forces involved in the early stages of Y-chromosome degeneration. Because of a fusion of one of the autosomes to the Y chromosome, a neo-Y chromosome and a neo-X chromosome have been formed, resulting in the transmission of formerly autosomal genes in association with the sex chromosomes. RESULTS: We found a 25-fold lower level of variation at microsatellites located on the neo-Y chromosome compared with homologous loci on the neo-X chromosome, or with autosomal and X-linked microsatellites. Sequence analyses of the region flanking the microsatellites suggested that the neo-sex chromosomes originated about 1 million years ago. CONCLUSIONS: Variability of the neo-Y chromosome of D. miranda is substantially reduced below expectations at mutation-drift equilibrium. Such a reduction is predicted by theories of the degeneration of the Y chromosome. Another possibility is that there is little or no mutation at microsatellite loci on a non-recombining chromosome such as the neo-Y, but this seems inconsistent with other data.