Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants |
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Authors: | Sarvajeet Singh Gill Narendra Tuteja |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India;2. Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India;3. Regional Advanced Water Testing Laboratory (RAWTL), Mohali, India;4. Punjab Biotechnology Incubators, Mohali, Punjab 160059, India;5. Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, MP, India;6. Technological Development Unit-UDT, Universidad de Concepcion, Cordillera 2634, 4191996, Box 4051, Coronel, Chile;7. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;8. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India;1. Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India;2. Department of Botany, Sri Venkatesvwara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India;3. Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India |
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Abstract: | Various abiotic stresses lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants which are highly reactive and toxic and cause damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA which ultimately results in oxidative stress. The ROS comprises both free radical (O2?, superoxide radicals; OH, hydroxyl radical; HO2, perhydroxy radical and RO, alkoxy radicals) and non-radical (molecular) forms (H2O2, hydrogen peroxide and 1O2, singlet oxygen). In chloroplasts, photosystem I and II (PSI and PSII) are the major sites for the production of 1O2 and O2?. In mitochondria, complex I, ubiquinone and complex III of electron transport chain (ETC) are the major sites for the generation of O2?. The antioxidant defense machinery protects plants against oxidative stress damages. Plants possess very efficient enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; glutathione reductase, GR; monodehydroascorbate reductase, MDHAR; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; guaicol peroxidase, GOPX and glutathione-S- transferase, GST) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid, ASH; glutathione, GSH; phenolic compounds, alkaloids, non-protein amino acids and α-tocopherols) antioxidant defense systems which work in concert to control the cascades of uncontrolled oxidation and protect plant cells from oxidative damage by scavenging of ROS. ROS also influence the expression of a number of genes and therefore control the many processes like growth, cell cycle, programmed cell death (PCD), abiotic stress responses, pathogen defense, systemic signaling and development. In this review, we describe the biochemistry of ROS and their production sites, and ROS scavenging antioxidant defense machinery. |
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