Redox regulation of root apical meristem organization: Connecting root development to its environment |
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| Authors: | Mario C. De Tullio Keni Jiang Lewis J. Feldman |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italia;2. Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;1. Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8020, USA;2. Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA;1. Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;2. University of North Carolina, Biology Department, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;1. Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;2. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;3. Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;4. Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;2. Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan;3. Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan;4. Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan;5. Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;1. Department of Biological Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;2. Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands;3. Rijk Zwaan Research and Development, Fijnaart 4793 RS, The Netherlands;1. The Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan;2. Program for Leading Graduate Schools, PhD Professional: Gateway to Success in Frontier Asia, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan;3. Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Post-embryonic root growth relies on the proliferative activity of the root apical meristem (RAM), consisting, in part, of cells with juvenile characteristics (stem cells). It is generally, but erroneously held that the RAM indefinitely produces new cells throughout the lifespan of a plant, resulting in indeterminate root growth. On the contrary, convincing data, mainly from the lab of Thomas L. Rost, show in all species analyzed so far, including Arabidopsis, that RAM organization changes over time in parallel with both a cessation of the production of new cells, and a consequent reduction in root growth, even under optimal conditions. In addition, RAM organization evolved to become highly plastic and dynamic in response to environmental triggers (e.g. water and nutrient availability, pollutants). Under unfavourable conditions, the RAM is rapidly reorganized, and, as a result of the cessation of new cell production at the root tip, root growth is altered, and lateral root production is enhanced, thus providing the plant additional strategies to overcome the stress. It is now becoming increasingly clear that this environment-responsive developmental plasticity is linked to reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, antioxidants, and related enzymes, which form part of a complex signalling module specifically operating in the regulation of RAM functioning, in strict relationship with hormonal control of root development exerted by auxin, gibberellins and cytokinins. In turn, such redox/hormone crosstalk regulates gene expression. |
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