Heme-binding Protein HRG-1 Is Induced by Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Associates with the Vacuolar H+-ATPase to Control Endosomal pH and Receptor Trafficking

Endocytosis and trafficking of receptors and nutrient transporters are dependent on an acidic intra-endosomal pH that is maintained by the vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (V-ATPase) proton pump. V-ATPase activity has also been associated with cancer invasiveness. Here, we report on a new V-ATPase-associated protein, which we identified in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor-transformed cells, and which was separately identified in Caenorhabditis elegans as HRG-1, a member of a family of heme-regulated genes. We found that HRG-1 is present in endosomes but not in lysosomes, and it is trafficked to the plasma membrane upon nutrient withdrawal in mammalian cells. Suppression of HRG-1 with small interfering RNA causes impaired endocytosis of transferrin receptor, decreased cell motility, and decreased viability of HeLa cells. HRG-1 interacts with the c subunit of the V-ATPase and enhances V-ATPase activity in isolated yeast vacuoles. Endosomal acidity and V-ATPase assembly are decreased in cells with suppressed HRG-1, whereas transferrin receptor endocytosis is enhanced in cells that overexpress HRG-1. Cellular uptake of a fluorescent heme analogue is enhanced by HRG-1 in a V-ATPase-dependent manner. Our findings indicate that HRG-1 regulates V-ATPase activity, which is essential for endosomal acidification, heme binding, and receptor trafficking in mammalian cells. Thus, HRG-1 may facilitate tumor growth and cancer progression.