Neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin interfere with low density lipoprotein oxidation mediated by peroxynitrite and/or copper

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation within the artery wall likely represents a key event in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Oxidatively modified LDL particles exert chemotactic properties on macrophages, and the uncontrolled uptake of modified LDL by macrophages leads to the formation of lipid-loaded foam cells, a hallmark of early stage atherosclerosis. Human macrophages stimulated by interferon- γgenerate reactive oxygen species (ROS), neopterin, and 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Higher concentrations of neopterin were found in atherosclerosis, and earlier studies have provided evidence that these neopterin derivatives are able to interfere with reactive species. We therefore investigated whether they also modulate LDL oxidation mediated by Cu(II) and/or peroxynitrite (ONOO -). By means of UV-absorption recording the formation of conjugated dienes in the course of lipid oxidation as well as by measuring the relative electrophoretic mobility of oxidized LDL, we found that neopterin is capable of enhancing ONOO -- as well as Cu(II)-mediated LDL oxidation, whereas 7,8-dihydroneopterin mainly protects LDL from oxidation. However, in case of Cu(II)-mediated LDL oxidation, an initial prooxidative effect of 7,8-dihydroneopterin could be observed. We hypothesize that 7,8-dihydroneopterin may chemically reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I) thereby increasing its oxidative capacity. After total reduction of Cu(II), excess 7,8-dihydroneopterin may block the oxidative potential of Cu(I) and thus decrease the oxidation of LDL. These findings confirm the general behavior of pteridines in redox processes and suggest an in vivo contribution to the process of LDL oxidation.