Genetic structure of Pinus pinaster Ait. populations in Morocco revealed by nuclear microsatellites |
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Authors: | Nadya Wahid Krassimir D Naydenov Salim Kamari Abdelali Boulli Francine Tremblay |
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Institution: | 1. Université Laval, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géomatique et de Géographie, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, bureau 3171, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec (Qc), Canada G1V 0A6;2. Laboratoire d''analyse et de valorisation des ressources environnementales, Département de Biologie, Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Béni Mellal, BP 523, Béni Mellal, Morocco;3. Laboratoire d''écologie, Département de Biologie, Université Mohammed Premier, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 524, Oujda 60000, Morocco;4. Chaire CRSNG-UQAT-UQAM en aménagement forestier durable, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 boul. de l''université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada J9X 5E4 |
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Abstract: | Pinus pinaster is one of the most popular conifers used for reforestation in Morocco and represents an economically and ecologically important species for the region. In this study, nuclear microsatellites (ncSSRs) are used to compare genetic structure and diversity estimates of natural populations of Moroccan maritime pine. Samples were collected among 10 natural populations distributed in three biogeographically different regions, the Rif Mountain, the Middle and the High Atlas. Forty-five nuclear alleles at seven variable loci were found with a mean of 6.4 alleles per locus. A number of private alleles (17.1%) were shown in populations from Rif and Middle Atlas. Moreover, in Morocco, P. pinaster showed a lower genetic diversity than in other parts of its geographic range. Significant departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium with excess homozygosity are observed indicating a high level of mating inside populations. Genetic diversity was structured with high variability among populations (Fst = 12%). Results show a correlation between genetic and geographic distances with an R-squared of 0.436. Two clusters were found using STRUCTURE, whereas three main clusters can be distinguished based on genetic distances of phylogenetic tree. Genetic relationships among maritime pine populations in Morocco appear to be related to historical, ecological as well as anthropogenic factors, suggesting the need for conservation strategies at the population level. |
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Keywords: | Nuclear microsatellites markers Plant conservation Geographic variation Phylogeography |
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