Identification of hydroxypyruvate and glyoxylate reductases in maize leaves

At least two hydroxypyruvate reductases (HPRs), differing in specificity for NAD(P)H and (presumably) utilizing glyoxylate as a secondary substrate, were identified by fractionation of crude maize leaf extracts with ammonium sulfate. The NADH-preferring enzyme, which most probably represented peroxisomal HPR, was precipitated by 30 to 45% saturated ammonium sulfate, while most of the NADPH-dependent activity was found in a 45 to 60% precipitate. The HPRs had similar low K_ms for hydroxypyruvate (about 0.1 millimolar), regardless of cofactor, while affinities of glyoxylate reductase (GR) reactions for glyoxylate varied widely (K_ms of 0.4-12 millimolar) depending on cofactor. At high hydroxypyruvate concentrations, the NADPH-HPR from the 30 to 45% precipitate showed negative cooperativity with respect to this reactant, having a second K_m of 6 millimolar. In contrast, NADPH-HPR from the 45 to 60% precipitate was inhibited at high hydroxypyruvate concentrations (K₁ of 3 millimolar) and, together with NADPH-GR, had only few, if any, common antigenic determinants with NADH-HPR from the 30 to 45% fraction. Both NADPH-HPR and NADPH-GR activities from the 45 to 60% precipitate were probably carried out by the same enzyme(s), as found by kinetic studies. Following preincubation with NADPH, there was a marked increase (up to sixfold) in activity of NADPH-HPR from either crude or fractionated extracts. Most of this increase could be attributed to an artefact resulting from an interference by endogeneous NADPH-phosphatase, which hydrolyzed NADPH to NADH, the latter being utilized by the NADH-dependent HPR. However, in the presence of 15 millimolar fluoride (phosphatase inhibitor), preincubation with NADPH still resulted in over 60% activation of NADPH-HPR. The NADPH treatment stimulated the V_max of the reductase but had no effect on its K_m for hydroxypyruvate. Enzyme distribution studies revealed that both NADH and NADPH-dependent HPR and GR activities were predominantly localized in the bundle sheath compartment. Rates of NADPH-HPR and NADPH-GR in this tissue (over 100 micromoles per hour per milligram of chlorophyll each) are in the upper range of values reported for leaves of C₃ species.