Selenium vitaminology: The connection between selenium,vitamin C,vitamin E,and ergothioneine |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;2. Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;1. College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia;2. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80210, USA;4. Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA;1. Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore;2. Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore;3. Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore;4. Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, 138648, Singapore;1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, China |
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| Abstract: | Selenium is connected to three small molecule antioxidant compounds, ascorbate, α-tocopherol, and ergothioneine. Ascorbate and α-tocopherol are true vitamins, while ergothioneine is a “vitamin-like” compound. Here we review how selenium is connected to all three. Selenium and vitamin E work together as a team to prevent lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E quenches lipid hydroperoxyl radicals and the resulting lipid hydroperoxide is then converted to the lipid alcohol by selenocysteine-containing glutathione peroxidase. Ascorbate reduces the resulting α-tocopheroxyl radical in this reaction back to α-tocopherol with concomitant production of the ascorbyl radical. The ascorbyl radical can be reduced back to ascorbate by selenocysteine-containing thioredoxin reductase. Ergothioneine and ascorbate are both water soluble, small molecule reductants that can reduce free radicals and redox-active metals. Thioredoxin reductase can reduce oxidized forms of ergothioneine. While the biological significance of this is not yet realized, this discovery underscores the centrality of selenium to all three antioxidants. |
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