The physiology of bilirubin: health and disease equilibrium |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic;2. Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA;3. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;4. Fondazione Italiana Fegato-ONLUS, Trieste, Italy;1. Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;2. Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;3. Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, People''s Republic of China;1. The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK;2. Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, F-75015 Paris, France;3. Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg;1. Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands;2. Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands;3. Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Utrecht, The Netherlands;4. Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children''s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584, EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran;4. Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;5. Audiology Department, Rehabilitation Faculty, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;6. Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;7. Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran;8. Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;9. Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;1. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hassenfeld Children''s Hospital at NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA;2. Division of Hematology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;3. Dana-Farber/Boston Children''s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;1. Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China;2. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore;3. Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore;4. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore;5. Research Center of Stem cells and Ageing, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China |
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| Abstract: | Bilirubin has several physiological functions, both beneficial and harmful. In addition to reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities, bilirubin has potent immunosuppressive effects associated with long-term pathophysiological sequelae. It has been recently recognized as a hormone with endocrine actions and interconnected effects on various cellular signaling pathways. Current studies show that bilirubin also decreases adiposity and prevents metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. All in all, the physiological importance of bilirubin is only now coming to light, and strategies for increasing plasma bilirubin levels to combat chronic diseases are starting to be considered. This review discusses the beneficial effects of increasing plasma bilirubin, incorporates emerging areas of bilirubin biology, and provides key concepts to advance the field. |
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