Male rescue maintains low frequency parthenogenesis-inducing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wolbachia</Emphasis> infection in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma</Emphasis> populations |
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Authors: | Kazuki Miura Takehiko Yamanaka Yoshito Suzuki Yohsuke Tagami Andrew Paul Davies |
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Institution: | (1) National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region, 6-12-1 Nishifukatsu, Fukuyama 721-8514, Japan;(2) Present address: National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan;(3) Present address: National Agricultural Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan;(4) Present address: Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan |
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Abstract: | Parthenogenesis-inducing (PI) Wolbachia bacteria are reproductive parasites that cause infected (W
+) female haplodiploid parasitoids to produce daughters without fertilization by males. Theoretically, PI Wolbachia infection should spread to fixation within Trichogramma populations as males are no longer required to produce female offspring. Infections in some naturally occurring Trichogramma populations are, however, maintained at frequencies ranging from 4 to 26%. Here we describe discrete equation models to examine
if the PI Wolbachia infection in Trichogramma populations can be maintained at relatively low frequencies by mating regularity. Model outcomes suggest the probability
of W
+ females mating could stabilize Wolbachia infection frequency at low levels in Trichogramma populations. The primary mechanism maintaining low-level PI Wolbachia infection in Trichogramma populations is reducing the survivorship from egg to adult in infected relative to uninfected females. The model successfully
demonstrates that the relatively low PI Wolbachia infection frequency in host populations can be maintained by fertilization, or male rescue, of infected eggs, which avoids
potentially hazardous gamete duplication that occurs during Wolbachia-induced parthenogenesis. |
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Keywords: | Female survivorship Infection frequency Male rescue Parthenogenesis Trichogramma Wolbachia |
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