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Harmonia axyridis in Europe: spread and distribution of a non-native coccinellid |
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| Authors: | P. M. J. Brown T. Adriaens H. Bathon J. Cuppen A. Goldarazena T. Hägg M. Kenis B. E. M. Klausnitzer I. Kovář A. J. M. Loomans M. E. N. Majerus O. Nedved J. Pedersen W. Rabitsch H. E. Roy V. Ternois I. A. Zakharov D. B. Roy |
| Affiliation: | 1. NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – Monks Wood, Huntingdon, PE28 2LS, UK 2. Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK 3. Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek, Kliniekstraat 25, 1070, Brussel, Belgium 4. Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstr. 243, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany 5. Wageningen University, P. O. Box 8080, 6700 DD, Wageningen, Netherlands 6. Neiker-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Centro Arkaute, Apdo. 46, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz Alava, Pais Vasco, Spain 7. Kristianstadgatan 15, 21423, Malmo, Sweden 8. CABI Europe-Switzerland, 2800, Delemont, Switzerland 9. Institut für ?kologie und Entomologie, Lannerstra?e 5, 01219, Dresden, Germany 10. The Natural History Museum, Kunratice 1, 148 00, Praha 4, Czech Republic 11. Department of Entomology, National Reference Laboratory, Plant Protection Service, P. O. Box 9102, 6700 HC, Wageningen, Netherlands 12. Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK 13. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Brani?ovská 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic 14. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Kobenhavn, Denmark 15. Federal Environment Agency, Spittelauer L?nde 5, 1090, Wien, Austria 16. Observatoire permanent pour le suivi de la Coccinelle asiatique en France, CPIE du Pays de Soulaines, Domaine de Saint-Victor, 10200, Soulaines-Dhuys, France 17. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russia |
| Abstract: | Native to Asia, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is considered an invasive alien ladybird in Europe and North America, where it was widely introduced as a biological control agent of aphids and coccids. In Europe, H. axyridis was sold by various biological control companies from 1995 in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, and was also intentionally released in at least nine other countries. It has spread very rapidly, particularly since 2002, and is now regarded as established in thirteen European countries. The established range extends from Denmark in the north to southern France in the south, and from Czech Republic in the east to Great Britain in the west. In this paper we map the spread and distribution of H. axyridis in Europe, and examine the situation on a country-by-country basis. We report first records of the species in five countries; Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Czech Republic and Italy; and first evidence of H. axyridis establishment in the latter three countries. Despite releases of H. axyridis in Portugal, Spain and Greece, there is little evidence of establishment in southern Europe. It is predicted that the spread and increase within Europe will continue and that H. axyridis will become one of the most widely distributed coccinellids in the continent. |
| Keywords: | Biological control Coccinellidae Halloween beetle Harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis Introduced species Invasive species Multicolored Asian lady beetle Non-native species |
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