Autophagy: an ER Protein Quality Control Process

Protein quality control processes active in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), including ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and the unfolded protein response (UPR), prevent the cytotoxic effects that can result from the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Characterization of a yeast mutant deficient in ERAD, a proteasome–dependent degradation pathway, revealed the employment of two overflow pathways from the ER to the vacuole when ERAD was compromised. One removes the soluble misfolded protein via the biosynthetic pathway and the second clears aggregated proteins via autophagy. Previously, autophagy had been implicated in the clearance of cytoplasmic aggresomes, but was not known to play a direct role in ER protein quality control. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that result in the gain-of-function liver disease associated with both a1-deficiency and hypofibrinogenemia (abnormally low levels of plasma fibrinogen, which is required for blood clotting), and emphasize the need for a more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and its relationship to protein quality control.

Addendum to:

Characterization of an ERAD Gene as VPS30/ATG6 Reveals Two Alternative and Functionally Distinct Protein Quality Control Pathways: One for Soluble A1PiZ and Another for Aggregates of A1PiZ

K.B. Kruse, J.L. Brodsky and A.A. McCracken

Mol Biol Cell 2005; In press.