Adaptive evolution for fast growth on glucose and the effects on the regulation of glucose transport system in Clostridium tyrobutyricum

Laboratory adaptive evolution of microorganisms offers the possibility of relating acquired mutations to increased fitness of the organism under the conditions used. By combining a fibrous-bed bioreactor, we successfully developed a simple and valuable adaptive evolution strategy in repeated-batch fermentation mode with high initial substrate concentration and evolved Clostridium tyrobutyricum mutant with significantly improved butyric acid volumetric productivity up to 2.25 g/(L h), which is the highest value in batch fermentation reported so far. Further experiments were conducted to pay attention to glucose transport system in consideration of the high glucose consumption rate resulted from evolution. Complete characterization and comparison of the glucose phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) were carried out in the form of toluene-treated cells and cell-free extracts derived from both C. tyrobutyricum wide-type and mutant, while an alternative glucose transport route that requires glucokinase was confirmed by the phenomena of resistance to the glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose and ATP-dependent glucose phosphorylation. Our results suggest that C. tyrobutyricum mutant is defective in PTS activity and compensates for this defect with enhanced glucokinase activity, resulting in the efficient uptake and consumption of glucose during the whole metabolism.