24-Epibrassinolide alleviates salt-induced inhibition of productivity by increasing nutrients and compatible solutes accumulation and enhancing antioxidant system in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Sids 1 and Giza 168, were grown under non-saline or saline conditions (4.7 and 9.4 dS m^?1) and were sprayed with 0.00, 0.05 and 0.10 mg l^?1 24-epibrassinolide (EBL). Salt stress markedly decreased plant productivity and N, P, and K uptake, particularly in Giza 168. A follow-up treatment with 0.1 mg l^?1 EBL detoxified the stress generated by salinity and considerably improved the above parameters, especially in Sids 1. Organic solutes (soluble sugars, free amino acids, proline and glycinebetaine), antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase), antioxidant molecules (glutathione and ascorbate) and Ca and Mg levels were increased under saline condition, and these increases proved to be more significant in salt-stressed plants sprayed with EBL, particularly at 0.1 mg l^?1 EBL with Sids 1. Sodium concentration, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide content and electrolyte leakage were increased under salt stress and significantly decreased when 0.1 mg l^?1 EBL was sprayed. Clearly, EBL alleviates salt-induced inhibition of productivity by altering the physiological and biochemical properties of the plant.