A musculoskeletal foot model for clinical gait analysis |
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| Authors: | Prabhav Saraswat Michael S Andersen Bruce A MacWilliams |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, 710054 Xi''an, Shaanxi, China;2. Department of Arthroplasty Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010030 Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China;3. Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 010050 Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China;4. Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;1. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;2. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain;3. Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering, Escuela Politecnica Superior, Universidad de La Coruña, Mendizábal s/n, 15403 Ferrol, Spain;1. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain;2. Dept. of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, United States;3. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States |
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| Abstract: | Several full body musculoskeletal models have been developed for research applications and these models may potentially be developed into useful clinical tools to assess gait pathologies. Existing full-body musculoskeletal models treat the foot as a single segment and ignore the motions of the intrinsic joints of the foot. This assumption limits the use of such models in clinical cases with significant foot deformities. Therefore, a three-segment musculoskeletal model of the foot was developed to match the segmentation of a recently developed multi-segment kinematic foot model. All the muscles and ligaments of the foot spanning the modeled joints were included. Muscle pathways were adjusted with an optimization routine to minimize the difference between the muscle flexion–extension moment arms from the model and moment arms reported in literature. The model was driven by walking data from five normal pediatric subjects (aged 10.6±1.57 years) and muscle forces and activation levels required to produce joint motions were calculated using an inverse dynamic analysis approach. Due to the close proximity of markers on the foot, small marker placement error during motion data collection may lead to significant differences in musculoskeletal model outcomes. Therefore, an optimization routine was developed to enforce joint constraints, optimally scale each segment length and adjust marker positions. To evaluate the model outcomes, the muscle activation patterns during walking were compared with electromyography (EMG) activation patterns reported in the literature. Model-generated muscle activation patterns were observed to be similar to the EMG activation patterns. |
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