Chalkbrood disease in honey bees |
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| Authors: | K.A. Aronstein K.D. Murray |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;2. Institute for Bee Research, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany;3. Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Biology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;1. Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Coupure 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;2. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;3. Laboratory of Zoophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2, Belgium;4. Biobest, Ilse Velden 18, 2260 Westerlo, Belgium;1. LLH Bee Institute, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany;2. Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark;3. Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria - Unità di ricerca di apicoltura e bachicoltura, via di Saliceto 80, Bologna, Italy;1. College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China;2. College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China;3. USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;1. Intercollege Program in Genetics at the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;2. Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA;3. Sydney Emerging Infections & Biosecurity Institute, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;4. Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;1. The Pennsylvania State University, Chemical Ecology Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA;2. Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Friedrich-Engels-Str. 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Chalkbrood is a fungal disease of honey bee brood caused by Ascosphaera apis. This disease is now found throughout the world, and there are indications that chalkbrood incidence may be on the rise. In this review we consolidate both historic knowledge and recent scientific findings. We document the worldwide spread of the fungus, which is aided by increased global travel and the migratory nature of many beekeeping operations. We discuss the current taxonomic classification in light of the recent complete reworking of fungal systematics brought on by application of molecular methods. In addition, we discuss epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease, as well as pathogen biology, morphology and reproduction. New attempts at disease control methods and management tactics are reviewed. We report on research tools developed for identification and monitoring, and also include recent findings on genomic and molecular studies not covered by previous reviews, including sequencing of the A. apis genome and identification of the mating type locus. |
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