Intrinsic extracellular matrix properties regulate stem cell differentiation |
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| Authors: | Gwendolen C. Reilly Adam J. Engler |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Engineering Materials, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK;2. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States;1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA;2. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, LaJolla, CA;1. Program of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;4. Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;5. Program of Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;2. Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;3. Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;4. Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;5. Biotechology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany;1. Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;2. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;3. Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland;4. Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;5. Centre for Nanosciences & Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India;6. Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;7. School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;8. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;9. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA;10. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA;11. National Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA;12. School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA;13. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1374 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;1. Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia;2. Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia;3. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia;4. CSIRO, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;1. Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea;2. BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;4. School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-ang University, 221 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;2. Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA |
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| Abstract: | One of the recent paradigm shifts in stem cell biology has been the discovery that stem cells can begin to differentiate into mature tissue cells when exposed to intrinsic properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as matrix structure, elasticity, and composition. These parameters are known to modulate the forces a cell can exert upon its matrix. Mechano-sensitive pathways subsequently convert these biophysical cues into biochemical signals that commit the cell to a specific lineage. Just as with well-studied growth factors, ECM parameters are extremely dynamic and are spatially- and temporally-controlled during development, suggesting that they play a morphogenetic role in guiding differentiation and arrangement of cells. Our ability to dynamically regulate the stem cell niche as the body does is likely a critical requirement for developing differentiated cells from stem cells for therapeutic applications. Here, we present the emergence of stem cell mechanobiology and its future challenges with new biomimetic, three-dimensional scaffolds that are being used therapeutically to treat disease. |
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