The effect of three-dimensional geometrical changes during adolescent growth on the biomechanics of a spinal motion segment |
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| Authors: | GJM Meijer J Homminga EEG Hekman AG Veldhuizen GJ Verkerke |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratory of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede,The Netherlands;2. Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;1. Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 818 W. 10th Ave., Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1M9;2. Institute for Biomechanics, ETH-Zürich, HPP-O22, Hönggerbergring 64, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada;2. Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine Rd, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada;3. iLab-Spine (International Laboratory - Spine Imaging and Biomechanics);4. Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, UMRT24 IFFSTAR/ Aix-Marseille University, Bd. P. Dramard, Faculté de Medecine secteur-Nord, France 13916 Marseille cedex 20;1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, 1 Jarrett White Rd, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA;2. Department of Orthopedics, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children and Children''s Medical Center, 935 Medical District Dr, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;1. Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, UMR_T9406, LBMC, F69622 Lyon, France;2. Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, 75013 Paris, France;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK;2. Department for Health, Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK;1. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, USA;2. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 3820 South Water Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA |
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| Abstract: | During adolescent growth, vertebrae and intervertebral discs undergo various geometrical changes. Although such changes in geometry are well known, their effects on spinal stiffness remains poorly understood. However, this understanding is essential in the treatment of spinal abnormalities during growth, such as scoliosis.A finite element model of an L3–L4 motion segment was developed, validated and applied to study the quantitative effects of changing geometry during adolescent growth on spinal stiffness in flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. Height, width and depth of the vertebrae and intervertebral disc were varied, as were the width of the transverse processes, the length of the spinous process, the size of the nucleus, facet joint areas and ligament size. These variations were based on average growth data for girls, as reported in literature.Overall, adolescent growth increases the stiffness with 36% (lateral bending and extension) to 44% (flexion). Two thirds of this increase occurs between 10 and 14 years of age and the last third between 14 years of age and maturity.Although the height is the largest geometrical change during adolescent growth, its effect on the biomechanics is small. The depth increase of the disc and vertebrae significantly affects the stiffness in all directions, while the width increase mainly affects the lateral bending stiffness. Hence, when analysing the biomechanics of the growing adolescent spine (for instance in scoliosis research), the inclusion of depth and width changes, in addition to the usually implemented height change, is essential. |
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