Essential role of seaweed cultivation in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture farms for global expansion of mariculture: an analysis |
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Authors: | Amir Neori |
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Institution: | (1) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, The National Centre for Mariculture, P.O. Box 1212, Eilat, 88112, Israel |
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Abstract: | Ecologically friendly aquaculture crops, such as seaweeds, herbivores, omnivores, and detritivores can be cultured using relatively
less of our limited natural resources and produce relatively less pollution. They also top FAO’s estimates of aquaculture
crops for the 21st century. These crops already comprise nearly 90% of global aquaculture tonnage, >90% of all aquaculture
production in China and >60% of production even in North America. Consumers prefer them, most likely due to their low prices.
Production costs of organisms low on the food chain are low due to the ability of these organisms to efficiently utilize low-cost,
mostly plant-based diets and to recycle their own waste. Thus, ecologically friendly aquaculture is not a dream but a dominant
global reality. The less ecologically-friendly aquaculture of salmon, sea bream, fed shrimp, among others, has attracted public
opposition to aquaculture, but these crops totaled approximately only 10% of global production in 2004. The profitability
of industrialized monocultures of these crops is threatened further by rising costs of energy and feed, environmental regulation
compliance, disease, and public opposition. Current monoculture practices and perceptions intrinsic to the aquaculture industry
can be turned around into a vision of sustained profitable expansion of carnivores production with trophically lower organisms
in ecologically-balanced aquaculture farms. This category of aquaculture, which is the modern intensive form of polyculture
practiced in Asia, feeds the waste of carnivore culture to lower trophic level organisms, primarily algae and mollusks. Species
are selected based on their ecological functions in addition to their economic potential. Ecologically-balanced farms turn
the costly treatment of carnivore waste outside the farm to a revenue-generating process of biofiltration, conversion, and
resource recovery into plant and mollusk crops inside the farm. In doing so, they solve several of the major problems faced
by modern aquaculture. The aquaculture industry can protect its own interests – and reap major benefits – by understanding
the importance of ecological balance, the potential of seaweeds as components in feeds, and the importance of the culture
and R&D of low trophic level organisms. The industry should also accept the relevance of environmental, social, and image
aspects of aquaculture to its success. Governments have the tools to reward multi-trophic farms with seaweeds by means of
tax credits and nutrient credits and to penalize unbalanced monoculture approaches by means of ‘polluter pays’ fines, thereby
providing the multi-trophic farms with a significant economic advantage. Such measures have been discussed, but their implementation
has been slow. |
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Keywords: | Aquaculture crops Fish Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture Profitability Seafood Seaweeds Sustainable |
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