Psammodinium inclinatum gen. nov. et comb. nov. (=Thecadinium inclinatum Balech) is the closest relative to the toxic dinoflagellate genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa |
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| Institution: | 1. Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;2. Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D–26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;1. Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear AP, 59350, Cienfuegos, Cuba;2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA;3. Ifremer, Laboratory of Environment and Resources Western Britanny, Coastal Research Unit, Place de la Croix, B.P. 40537, 29185, Concarneau Cedex, France;4. Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain;5. Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000, Monaco;6. Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA;1. Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205, Université des Antilles. Équipe Biologie de la mangrove. UFR SEN. 97100 Pointe-à-Pitre. France;2. Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France;1. Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;2. Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC) Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;1. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan;2. Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe 657-8501, Japan |
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| Abstract: | The heterotrophic sand-dwelling dinoflagellate Thecadinium inclinatum has been re-examined by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to resolve the discrepancies on its plate pattern from the literature, and to obtain its phylogenetic information single-cell PCR technique has been used. The comparison of morphological and molecular information available for other Thecadinium species confirms the genus is polyphyletic and T. inclinatum seems not related to other representatives of the genus sensu lato. Thus, a new genus and combination for the species, Psammodinium inclinatum gen. nov., comb. nov. is proposed. Cells are heterotrophic and strongly laterally flattened, with sulcal pocket. The revised tabulation is: APC 3' 7” 7c 7s? 5”' 1p 2”” with a long-shank fishhook-shaped apical pore and descending cingulum. The cingulum inclines ventrally and declines on the right lateral side producing an asymmetrical epitheca. The epitheca is much smaller than the hypotheca. The phylogenetic results showed a strong relationship with the autotrophic epiphytic genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, being closely related with the latter. The Gambierdiscus species typically have a tropical and sub-tropical distribution and produce ciguatoxins, causing thousands of intoxications every year by consumption of contaminated fish. Fukuyoa representatives have a wider distribution including warm and temperate waters, and it has been demonstrated that they are also able to produce ciguatoxins, even though at lower amounts. P. inclinatum, which potential toxicity remains to be determined, represents an interesting independent evolutionary branch that resulted in the loss of chloroplasts, the strong lateral compression and the adaptation to sandy habitats in temperate and cold waters. |
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| Keywords: | Benthic Sand-dwelling Dinoflagellate Phylogeny Taxonomy |
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