Sedimentation of Nodularia spumigena and distribution of nodularin in the food web during transport of a cyanobacterial bloom from the Baltic Sea to the Kattegat |
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| Institution: | 1. Lund University, Dept. of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;2. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;1. Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, 8 Daugavgrivas Str., LV-1048 Rīga, Latvia;2. University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology, 4 Kronvalda Blv., LV-1586 Rīga, Latvia;3. Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Hakuninmaantie 6, FIN-00430 Helsinki, Finland;4. Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biosciences/Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;1. Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, GPO Box 5078 Brisbane 4001, Australia;2. Queensland Department of Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia;1. University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marsza?ka J. Pi?sudskiego 46, PL-81378, Gdynia, Poland;2. Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81712, Sopot, Poland;1. Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovi?a 2, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia;2. Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöll? 2100, Hungary;3. Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia;4. Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku 20520, Finland;5. School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Nodularia spumigena is a toxic cyanobacteria that blooms in the Baltic Sea every year. In the brackish water of the Baltic Sea, its toxin, nodularin, mainly affects the biota in the surface water due to the natural buoyancy of this species. However, the fate of the toxin is unknown, once the cyanobacteria bloom enters the more saline waters of the Kattegat. In order to investigate this knowledge gap, a bloom of N. spumigena was followed during its passage, carried by surface currents, from the Baltic Sea into the Kattegat area, through the Öresund strait. N. spumigena cells showed an increased cell concentration through the water column during the passage of the bloom (up to 130 103 cells ml?1), and cells (4.2 103 cells ml?1) could be found down to 20 m depth, below a pycnocline. Sedimentation trap samples from below the pycnocline (10–12 m depth) also showed an increased sedimentation of N. spumigena filaments during the passage of the bloom. The toxin nodularin was detected both in water samples (0.3–6.0 μg l?1), samples of sedimenting material (a toxin accumulation rate of 20 μg m-2 day?1), zooplankton (up to 0.1 ng ind.?1 in copepods), blue mussels (70–230 μg kg?1 DW), pelagic and benthic fish (herring (1.0–3.4 μg kg?1 DW in herring muscle or liver) and flounder (1.3-6.2 μg kg?1 DW in muscle, and 11.7-26.3 μg kg?1 DW in liver). A laboratory experiment showed that N. spumigena filaments developed a decreased buoyancy at increased salinities and that they were even sinking with a rate of up to 1,7 m day?1 at the highest salinity (32 PSU). This has implications for the fate of brackish water cyanobacterial blooms, when these reach more saline waters. It can be speculated that a significant part of the blooms content of nodularin will reach benthic organisms in this situation, compared to blooms decaying in brackish water, where most of the bloom is considered to be decomposed in the surface waters. |
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| Keywords: | Cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena Nodularin Food web Buoyancy Baltic Sea Öresund Kattegat |
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