Benthic dinoflagellates: Testing the reliability of the artificial substrate method in the Macaronesian region |
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| Institution: | 1. Banco Español de Algas, FPCT de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Muelle de Taliarte s/n, 35215, Telde, Gran Canaria, Spain;2. IU-ECOAQUA, Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain;3. Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal;4. Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Departamento Biologia Vegetal, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal;1. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Villefranche sur mer, France;2. Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ECOMERS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France;1. Coastal Watershed Institute, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA;2. Biology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;1. School of Geographical and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, PR China;2. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;3. NOAA/NOS, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;4. State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;5. Fisheries Division, Ministry of Fisheries & Marine Resources Development, Republic of Kiribati;1. Marine and Coastal Research Institute, INVEMAR. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero. Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia;2. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá, Carrera 45 No 26-85, Bogotá D.C., Colombia;3. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain |
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| Abstract: | The suitability of the ‘artificial substrate’ method, i.e. standardized surfaces of fiberglass screens, for the quantification of four benthic harmful algal bloom (BHAB) dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum and Coolia) was tested relative to estimates from natural macroalgal substrates. Sampling took place in a variety of intertidal and subtidal coastal habitats under different water motion conditions, at depths from 1 to 7 m, in two archipelagos of the Macaronesia region: The Canary Islands and Cape Verde. An immersion time of 24 h was sufficient to adequately estimate dinoflagellate abundances. Seven replicates were established as the ideal replication level, considering both reproducibility and sampling effort. In most cases, cell abundances of the four dinoflagellate genera showed lower variability on artificial substrates than on macroalgae, leading to more reliable estimates of abundances. The ratio of mean cell abundances on artificial substrates to mean cell abundances on macroalgae highly varied among sampling sites for each genus. This was especially true for Ostreopsis and Coolia. Thus, given the potentially harmful nature of benthic dinoflagellates, the transformation of abundances expressed as cells g?1 of macroalgae to abundances expressed as cells cm-2 is risky, and it should not be attempted in monitoring and management programs of harmful microalgae. In summary, results of this study support the use of artificial substrates in monitoring programs of BHAB dinoflagellates, while the risks of using macroalgae are stressed. |
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| Keywords: | Artificial substrate Sampling design Monitoring BHABs |
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