Adverse developmental and reproductive effects of copper deficiency in Xenopus laevis |
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Authors: | Douglas J. Fort Enos L. Stover Christopher M. Lee William J. Adams |
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Affiliation: | (1) The Stover Group, P.O. Box 2056, 74076 Stillwater, OK;(2) International Copper Association, Ltd., 260 Madison Avenue, 10016 New York, NY;(3) Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation, 8315 West 3595 South, 84044-6001 Magna, UT |
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Abstract: | The effect of copper (Cu) deficiency on the reproduction and development in Xenopus laevis was evaluated, culminating in the development of a defined concentration-response relationship. Separate groups of four adult frog pairs were fed one of three diets for 28 d: (1) low-copper (−Cu); (2) copper supplemented (+Cu); and (3) ASTM standard beef liver and lung (BLL). Embryos collected from frogs administered the −Cu diet had markedly decreased egg masses and viability rates and an increased rate of necrosis when compared to the other dietary treatments. Malformations in −Cu larvae included maldevelopment of the heart, eye, craniofacial region, brain, and notochord. Larvae from adults administered the −Cu diet showed delayed abnormal hindlimb development, characterized as selective reductive deficiencies distal to the femur, with poor cartilaginous development. A U-shaped dose-response curve characteristic of nutritional essentiality was developed for Cu. Overall, these studies indicated that embryos produced from frogs administered a −Cu diet are substantially less viable than embryos from frogs administered a +Cu or copper-adequate (BLL) diet. |
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Keywords: | Teratogenesis reproduction Cu deficiency FETAX |
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