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Brain Potentials of Conflict and Error-Likelihood Following Errorful and Errorless Learning in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors:Anke Hammer  Andreas Kordon  Marcus Heldmann  Bartosz Zurowski  Thomas F. Münte
Affiliation:1. Department of Neuropsychology, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.; 2. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.; 3. Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.; 4. Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.; 5. Neuroimage Nord, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.;University of Granada, Spain
Abstract:

Background

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is thought to be overacting in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) reflecting an enhanced action monitoring system. However, influences of conflict and error-likelihood have not been explored. Here, the error-related negativity (ERN) originating in ACC served as a measure of conflict and error-likelihood during memory recognition following different learning modes. Errorless learning prevents the generation of false memory candidates and has been shown to be superior to trial-and-error-learning. The latter, errorful learning, introduces false memory candidates which interfere with correct information in later recognition leading to enhanced conflict processing.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Sixteen OCD patients according to DSM-IV criteria and 16 closely matched healthy controls participated voluntarily in the event-related potential study. Both, OCD- and control group showed enhanced memory performance following errorless compared to errorful learning. Nevertheless, response-locked data showed clear modulations of the ERN amplitude. OCD patients compared to controls showed an increased error-likelihood effect after errorless learning. However, with increased conflict after errorful learning, OCD patients showed a reduced error-likelihood effect in contrast to controls who showed an increase.

Conclusion/Significance

The increase of the errorlikelihood effect for OCD patients within low conflict situations (recognition after errorless learning) might be conceptualized as a hyperactive monitoring system. However, within high conflict situations (recognition after EF-learning) the opposite effect was observed: whereas the control group showed an increased error-likelihood effect, the OCD group showed a reduction of the error-likelihood effect based on altered ACC learning rates in response to errors. These findings support theoretical frameworks explaining differences in ACC activity on the basis of conflict and perceived error-likelihood as influenced by individual error learning rate.
Keywords:
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