古DNA提取技术对比及概述

从古代原始材料中提取古DNA的方法多种多样,但是古DNA的研究受限于降解严重,内源性古DNA含量低,微生物和现生人群DNA污染严重等因素的影响。能否从古代人类遗骸中成功获取可靠且足量的内源性古DNA,一直是古DNA研究领域面临的实际困难和挑战。控制污染最直接且简便的策略就是在古DNA提取阶段的有效排除,本文整理了古DNA提取常用的去除污染的方法,对比分析了每种方法表现出来的优缺点。介绍了通常使用的骨粉裂解时间,并研究了在常温环境下,不同的裂解时间对古DNA回收效率的影响,提出了常温裂解过程中最佳孵育时间。同时对常用的古DNA纯化方法及其原理和在实际应用中的表现进行了概述与讨论。本文对古DNA提取技术的概述和实践经验,为古DNA相关领域的研究提供借鉴与参考。

Comparison and summary of ancient DNA extraction technology

There are many methods to extract ancient DNA from ancient raw materials. Generally, the research of ancient DNA is subject to factors such as serious degradation, while the low content of endogenous ancient DNA, the high content of microbial and modern human DNA. Whether we can successfully obtain reliable and sufficient endogenous ancient DNA has always been a practical difficulty and challenge in the field of ancient DNA research. The most direct and convenient strategy to eliminate the pollution effectively is in the procedure of ancient DNA extraction. This paper summarized the common methods of ancient DNA extraction to remove exogenous pollutants. We compared and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each method. This paper also introduced the time commonly used in the bone lysis step and suggested the best incubation time was 4 days at room temperature by exploring the effect of different lysis time on the recovery efficiency of ancient DNA. At the same time, we surveyed the representative methods of ancient DNA purification and the performance in the application. Our summary and experience could provide reference information for researchers in the field of ancient DNA research.