The role of a conserved tyrosine in the 49-kDa subunit of complex I for ubiquinone binding and reduction

Iron–sulfur cluster N2 of complex I (proton pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase) is the immediate electron donor to ubiquinone. At a distance of only ～ 7 Å in the 49-kDa subunit, a highly conserved tyrosine is found at the bottom of the previously characterized quinone binding pocket. To get insight into the function of this residue, we have exchanged it for six different amino acids in complex I from Yarrowia lipolytica. Mitochondrial membranes from all six mutants contained fully assembled complex I that exhibited very low dNADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activities with n-decylubiquinone. With the most conservative exchange Y144F, no alteration in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of complex I was detectable. Remarkably, high dNADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activities were observed with ubiquinones Q₁ and Q₂ that were coupled to proton pumping. Apparent K_m values for Q₁ and Q₂ were markedly increased and we found pronounced resistance to the complex I inhibitors decyl-quinazoline-amine (DQA) and rotenone. We conclude that Y144 directly binds the head group of ubiquinone, most likely via a hydrogen bond between the aromatic hydroxyl and the ubiquinone carbonyl. This places the substrate in an ideal distance to its electron donor iron–sulfur cluster N2 for efficient electron transfer during the catalytic cycle of complex I.